Sunday, July 18, 2010

股票投资的十项基本原则

. 股市里没有常胜将军,一定要有耐心。股票市场一定是周期性起伏的,任何人不可能准确预测高点和低点。

2. 决不借钱买股票。投资于股票市场的资金一定是短期内不用、可以长期投入的资金。

3. 分散投资,鸡蛋放在几个篮子里。应当在大公司股票、小公司股票、指数基金、封闭式基金和债券基金间合理分配投资资金。

4. 投资股票前,首先看大势,其次选股票。如果国家的总体经济形势好,而股市处于相对低点,可以考虑增加投入或提高股票投资比例;如果股市处于相对高点或屡创 新高,需要考虑降低风险,分散投资,比如卖出股票,增持债券基金。

5. 任何时候不要与市场作对。如果市场的趋势是在下跌,千万不要相信自己有能力抄到底部,即使抄到也只是运气好,记住一定要顺势而为。

6. 避免频繁交易。虽然当前大家都认为买入并持有的策略已经过时了,但我们坚持认为,频繁交易会吞噬大部分的投资回报。长期而言,买入并持有的策略要远优于积 极交易的方法。

7. 买入过程要缓慢,卖出过程要快速。

8. 不要期望赚到股市里的每一分钱。该卖出时就卖出,要给别人也留下利润。

9. 关注财经信息,但每天花半小时即可。

10. 每年度对投资策略进行总结和调整。

华尔街日报

Friday, July 16, 2010

古老的致富秘笈

這則巴比倫最有錢人的故事,看似簡單平常,但在8000年前巴比倫人已經懂得理財致富之道,這些原則到現在一樣可以適用。

Monday, July 12, 2010

分享集:盈利至上

●冷眼

股票投资者在买进股票的时候,只要遵守一个简单的原则:不买没有盈利的公司的股票,就可以减 少错误,减少错误,等于提高胜算。

道理很简单。买股票就是买股份,买股份就是与人合股做生意。做生意的唯一目的就是赚钱。所以,参股一定 要参与有盈利的公司,这才是合理的行为。明知有关公司年年亏本,却还要购买其股份成为股东,这种行为合理吗?

为什么投资者会有这种不合理 的举措?

不赚钱罪过

因为在他们眼中,只有股价,没有公司。对他们来说,股价起落,就是股票投资的全部,对于公司赚不到 钱,他们没有兴趣,也认为不重要,重要的是股价会起。

他们忘记了,长期来说,股价的起落是跟公司的业绩表现并驾齐驱的。没有盈利的公司的 股票,即使被炒起,也是短暂的。

一旦炒作过后,股价暴跌后就长期在低价徘徊,使投资者几乎陷入万劫不复之境,而受害的大部分是无知的散 户。

如果他们遵守“不买没有盈利的公司的股票”这个简单的原则的话,即使买进后股价下跌,蒙受亏蚀,只要公司的盈利年年上升,股价总有一 天会回升,只要长期持握,必能反败为胜,不像购买亏蚀股那样,永无翻身之日。

有人说,公司不赚钱是一种罪过。这话不无道理。

首 先,从社会的角度看,公司为社会提供产品和服务,如果公司没有盈利,公司无法经营下去,社会就无法享受到该公司的产品和服务,生活素质将受影响。

从 政府的角度看,公司没有盈利就没能力纳税,在国库空虚的情况下,政府没能力为人民提供更好的服务,照顾弱势人群的福利,从事庞大的公共设施,社会福祉无法 提升。

所有人受害

从公司的角度看,公司没有盈利就没有能力从事研究开发,产品素质无法改善,将在市场的竞争中居于劣势, 公司将无法生存。

从员工的角度看,公司没有盈利,员工薪酬无法提高,职业不稳定,家庭没保障,势将打击员工的士气。

从股 东的角度看,公司没盈利,股东的投资没有回报,公司没有派股息的能力,对提供免息资金的股东很不公平。

可见,无论从那一个角度看,公司没 有盈利,所有的人都受害。所以指公司不赚钱是一种罪过,并不过份。

错不了

投资者以血汗钱买股票,等于长期提供免息资金给 公司,委托公司掌舵人替他们做生意,掌舵人若经营不善,搞到公司连年亏蚀,可说是失责。

公司尽管连年亏蚀,公司掌舵人仍旧领取高薪,股东 却一无所得,所以,投资于长期不赚钱的公司,愚不可及。

十赌九输

我读亏蚀上市公司的年报,发现这些公司的股东人数,不在 盈利丰厚公司之下,感到费解。明知公司连年亏蚀,却还是要参股于这些公司,到底他们希望得到什么呢?

这恐怕只能说明一个事实:就是大部分 的股票投资者,只注重股价不理会公司的基本面,这是典型的投机行为。

投机形同赌博,十赌九输,难怪绝大部分散户在股市输钱。要扭转厄运, 最有效的方法就是不买没有盈利的公司的股票。

只要以合理的股价购买长期有合理盈利的公司的股票,长期持有,股市赚钱并不难。

以 盈利作为选股标准,可以减低风险,提高胜算。

盈利至上,错不了。

南洋商报

Understanding index investing


INDEX investing may sound like Greek to some although it is already a growing trend in Hong Kong and Singapore over the past five years. The other Southeast Asian countries are playing catch-up with index investing as more investors are aware of this opportunity for them to gain potential higher returns.

However, before we go into index investing, let us understand what an index is in the first place.

When we read the market commentary in the daily newspapers or listen to market up dates on television, we almost always come across statements such as "the market performed well today" or "there was a bull run on the market today". The word "market" is used liberally but what does it actually refer to?

When people talk about the "market" in relation to the stock market, they are actually referring to an index. For Malaysia, an example of an index is the FTSE Bursa Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Composite Index, better known as the FBM KLCI. Therefore, if you hear: "the market is up," this means the FBM KLCI is higher compared to the previous day.


So, is an index important? And if yes, why so? An index is important because of what it represents. The beauty of an index is that it is extremely easy to understand and investors know exactly what they are acquiring by putting money in an index.

It is too demanding to track every single share trading on the stock exchange, hence, an index that tracks the more "relevant" shares are created. These shares are usually the heavyweight stocks with more market capitalisations.

When these heavyweight stocks appreciate, the entire bourse goes up and when they lose value, the entire stock market trends down. In coming out with an index, the index provider must first define exactly what criteria is used to select shares for a given index.

Creating an Index

An index is made up of a basket of stocks. Therefore one must understand that it can be created to represent any segment of the stock market. One of the more widely known indexes in the world is the S&P 500 Index created by Standard and Poor's Index Services. The S&P 500 represents 500 of the most widely held firms in the US such as Exxon Mobil, Apple, and Microsoft, and the stocks within this index trade on major US bourses such as the New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq.

Regarded as one of the best barometers of the American equity markets, the job of many American fund managers is to produce returns that outperform this index. Another well-known index, is the FTSE 100 Index that holds the top 100 largest firms listed on the London Stock Exchange. This index is seen as an indicator of the British economy and is the leading share index in Europe.

An interesting thing about indices is that almost anyone can create an index. During the dot-com bull run, almost all the publications in the US created an index to represent different types of new-economy stocks.

However, what sets the big indices apart is the reputation of the company that creates and manages the index. As you go along and get familiar with the various indices, you will start noticing them in every single market and for every sector and industry.

Apart from looking at the index provider, another way to differentiate the indices is to identify the methodology used to measure the importance of each security within its basket. There will always be a stock that is arguably more important than the other. For example, there will always be shares of companies that are more influential to the entire market due to their size or share price.

A common method used by indexes around the world though, is to weigh companies based on their market capitalisation. If company ABC has a market capitalisation of RM1 million and the total value of all the companies within an index is RM100 million, this means that shares of the company would be worth 1 per cent in this index. Such computations are done up-to-the minute with analysis tools, hence making indexes an extremely accurate reflection of its chosen market.

Making money viaindex investing

It is relatively easy to maintain an index. Except for the occasional fine-tuning, an index only needs to hold on to its basket of stocks from year to year, which means lower costs for an investor. When investing purely in an index, there are no costs involved that goes to fund managers (for their stock picking skills), since there is no active stock picking required. This in return, means more of your money is invested and gets a chance to grow!

With an index, investors get to decide on what and where their money should go. For instance, if you believe that China's economy will continue to grow with each passing year, you could jump on the Chinese bandwagon by investing in an index that tracks the country's main stock market. One of the most popular ways to invest in an unknown market is to do so via index investing because it (the index) is already diversified. This is a quality much desired by investors to smoothen out instability (the losses and gains in the value of your investments).

In most cases, index investing would likely mean investing in the larger leading companies in a stock market with strong brands and significant market share. Though it is possible for the value of an index investment to decline like any other investment, the odds of all leading companies in the index going bust at the same time are low.

In any case, chances are that actively managed unit trust funds with a similar investment universe would also be suffering a similar decline. As such, investors need to consider all the risks involved before making any investment, even with index investing.

Investing in an Index

Making money with an index takes the same amount of time required for an economy to grow - it is a long-term process. There are two ways to invest in an index: via an index unit trust fund or with an exchange traded fund (ETF). For the first option, investors must be aware that not all index funds are the same. A fund company can create and sell index funds but may charge a substantial sales commission and a higher management fee which may compromise the main advantage of index investing, that is its low cost.

The second option to index investing is via ETFs. The main difference between ETFs and standard unit trust funds is that it (ETF) is listed on the stock exchange and trades like a normal share throughout the trading day. In the more matured financial markets, ETFs are growing increasingly popular with investors.

In the next article, we will feature the many advantages of ETFs. The more you understand about the universe of investing and the various instruments available in the market, the better chance of you finding the right investment at the cost and risk level which you are most comfortable with, for your portfolio.

Business Times
By CIMB Investment Bank

Sunday, July 11, 2010

分享集: 年报从何读起?(下)

●冯时能 股票研究人

当你拿到一本年报时,你最先要读的是什么?要回答这个问题,我们就有必要返璞归真,从股票的 原始功能说起。买股票既然就是买股份,那么,参股做生意,目的是什么?作为股东,最关心的是什么?答案是:公司赚不赚钱。

所以,拿到年 报第一件要做的事,就是马上翻到公司的账目,首先要看的是损益表,损益表就是1年的营业总结,公司在这个财务年中做了多少生意,赚了多少钱或亏了多少钱, 损益表中一目了然。

损益表的结构也是大同小异的,最上一行的数字是当年的营业量,最下一行的数字是当年的净利或净亏额。

几 乎所有年报,都在净利或净亏额下,提供每股净利(EPS)或每股净亏(LPS)多少。

这是我最关心的数字,如果是每股净利的话,我马上 找出该公司当天的股价,除以每股净利,立刻算出其本益比,这样,我就知道以当天的股价,此股价值是被高估或是低估。这样,就可以决定是否值得买进。如果是 每股净亏,除非有特殊情形,否则,我就会把该份年报暂时搁置,等到看完别的年报时再回头详阅。

读完损益表,我会翻到资产负债表;损益表 总结了一年营业的盈亏,而资产负债表则总结一年资产的增减,两者均以财务年结账日期为准。

负债表看3数字

对资产负债 表,我通常只看3个数字。

第1个是每股净有形资产价值,是以股东基金除以股票数目得出,数目越大越好。

第2个是公司 的长、短期负债,如果没有负债,则手头现金净额有多少,除了股票数目,得到每股所拥有之现金数目,高现金公司是我的最爱,因为这种公司不但股息高,而且较 为安全。

第3个数字是短期负债中的“应收账款”,数目是否太大,账期是否太长,历年是否有增减,这是公司财报的“灰色地带”,通常财务 陷困的公司,应收账款太高同时难以收回,是主要原因。

从“资产负债表”,我继续翻至“现金流量表”,债高公司若现金流量低,极易陷入资 金周转不灵,从现金流量三表,可以窥见端倪。

读完了损益表、资产负债表和现金流量3表,对公司的财务状况,已有了清楚的认识。

接 着,我会细读董事主席和首席执行人员(CEO)的业务报告,我注重的是他们对来年业务的“展望”。

如果他们说将继续取得令人满意的成 绩,表示公司前景亮丽,如果来年营业困难,他们通常不会直接用“困难”的字眼,而是说:“来年将是具有挑战性的一年”。你必须从他们的语气捕捉他们的真正 用意。

注·意·4·种·资·料

接下来,我会注意以下4种资料:

(1) 详读5年财务摘要,大部份公司的年报都提供一个表,列出过去5年的营收、盈利、股息等的纪录,从这份纪录可以窥见有关公司的业务进展。

(2) 业务分组报告:在多元化的业务中,到底那一种业务是核心业务,业绩表现如何,将来会受到什么因素的影响?把注意力聚焦於重点业务,贴身跟踪其进展是投资组 合监管的重要职责。

(3) 固定资产的估值,例如油棕园是在何时估值,在账目中每亩价值多少? 如果账目价值奇低,例如每亩油棕园在账目中只是5000令吉,而目前的市价为2万令吉,如果重新估值,每股净有形资产价值必然大增,跟股票的市价相比,就 可以看出有关股票价值是否被低估。如果是的话,就可以买进作为投资。

(4) 30名最大股东是谁?如果都是投资基金或是受尊敬的商人,他们都是精明的投资者,他们大量投资於有关公司,足以反映有关股票的素质。例如Value cap拥有大批股票的公司都是好公司,假如大股东只持有几巴仙的股份,他们是局内人,他们减持公司的股份,反映他们对公司前途没有信心,散户最好不要买这 种公司的股票。

看完了年报中的上述资料,投资者应花一点时间去算出投资评估准则,例如本益比、周息率,每股净有形资产价值、酸性测验、 赚率、债务与股东基金比例,投资回酬率(ROE)、营收与业绩复数成长率等。

决定买或卖

阅读年报的最终目的,是利用这 些资料所算出来的标准,作为评估根据,以决定到底应该买进,继续持有或是脱售该只股票。

必须强调的是惟有阅读多年(越长越好)的年报, 加以比较,才有可能深入了解公司的内情及股票的价值,若只读1年的年报,很容易产生偏见,作出错误的判断,不可不慎。

南洋商报